Fall of Rome in 476, largest organized society in Europe.
Most of Europe was a feudal society.
The manorial system ensured serfs worked
Crusades starting in 1095 regained Jerusalem from the Muslims, 3rd crusade Muslims recapture Jerusalem and 4th Constantinople is sacked.
The Magna Carta signed by King John in 1215 protecting rights of peasants and limiting the kings rights.
Many of the kingdoms constantly were at were with each other. Example: 100 Years War between France and Britain from 1337 to 1453.
King John Signing the Magna Carta
A map of the 4 Crusades
Burning of Jerusalem in the First Crusade
Economic
Mongol activity in Asia allowed for an increase in trade routes and markets in Europe to export to Asia.
Manorial System- workers farm on a plantation for a Lord of the Manor and in return gain protection. Serf’s lowest class.
Marco Polo extended the economic reach of Europe to Asia by making the Mongols “aware” of a rising Europe
10% of all earning in Europe went to the Church
Feudalism- King grants large Fiefs (large plots of land) to bishops or nobleman to work in and in return the king grants protection against invasion
Medieval Coins
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 caption="Feudal Power Pyramid"]]
Religion
Most of Europe was Roman Catholic
Crusades not only enforced roman Catholicism but spread it to lands in the east
The Church was the most powerful institution after the Fall of Rome
The Rise of Islam in the 600s marks the beginning of a new religion
Pope Julius II 1511 painting by Raphael
Social
Kings->Lords->Lesser Lords->Knights->Serfs
The Black Death in 1348-1350 caused massive widespread death (20-40% of population wiped out in the first year)
The black death caused for religious social upheavals,
Most activities revolved around an agrarian calendar
They learned Grammar, Rhetoric, Logic, Latin, Astronomy, and math
In the 12th centuries the first universities are established
Marco Polo published his accounts in China in 1295
Leonardo Da Vinci is born in 1452 : man of great intellect
Renaissance beginning in in the 14th century in Italy the renaissance is Europe reboot for intellect, science, and culture progressing it to compete with world societies
Medieval University
Early astronomers
Artistic
Christian themes surrounded painting and architecture
In early post classical Romanesque architecture prevailed
Gothic Style appears soon after
European Romanesque cathedrals were solid heavy rounded masonry arches with thick walls. Almost no windows or small windows
Gothic architecture had bigger stained glass windows with frescoes decorating the inside with pointed arches, towers spires.
The School of Athens Painting
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 caption="Notre Dame and its distinctive Gothic Architecture"]]
Founded in end of 13th century, Osman I is ruler as a result of the Mongols
Known as a Gun Powder Empire
1350s, Ottomans conquer Balkans; strategy was to surround Constantinople before attacking
Mehmed II conquers Constantinople in 1453, and shows Western Europe the threat the Ottomans have become by using Gunpowder siege weapons
Ottomans were victorious because of advanced siege machinery
1683, last Siege of Vienna takes place, Ottomans are once again halted and ruled by a sultan, who is an absolute ruler
Grand Vizier is the head of the extensive bureaucracy and advisor to the sultan
Law is based on Sharia, and amended by Suleiman in the 16th century
Political- Byzantine Empire
Justinian(527-565) was an autocrat ruler who had re-conquered parts of Northern Africa, Italy, and Southern Spain
Justinian Code of Law-included Roman laws, legal writings, and student handbook,
The “body of civil law”, helped preserve Western Europe basis for Roman Catholic Church and medieval rulers
Byzantines had an effective bureaucracy which was similar to Chinese in that they looked for skilled bureaucrats as opposed to those born into it
Political- Russia
Early Russia borrowed heavily from Constantinople (Byzantine Empire)
the Cyrillic Alphabet was made when the Bible was translated into Slavic Languages; adopted from the Greek alphabet that the Byzantine Empire used
They borrowed the autocratic government from Byzantium
Under Yaroslav the wise there was a Golden Age occurred in Kiev with improved justice and a written law code; Kiev was the capital
In the 1100s the Mongols took over and ruled until 1460s when they were pushed out
Economic- Ottoman Empire
Economy is mainly agricultural, but economy depends on conquest to increase revenue
Imported more than they exported but did craft Ceramics, and carpets
Individual merchants become the middlemen as prior Muslim merchants were in past empires
European silver after the first wave of imperialism caused inflation
Middleman position indirectly caused European exploration; Spain and Portugal wanted to avoid high prices on imported goods and get hands directly on Asian luxury goods; fighting in the empire may have caused cost of goods to rise
Once the Western Europeans Industrialized, the Ottomans were outpaced by the West
Economic- Byzantine Empire
Constantinople controlled key trade routes that linked Europe and Asia that was controlled by Bosporus and Dardanelles straits
It was located on a peninsula overlooking the Bosporus Strait-connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean
Possessed a harbor and was protected on three sides by water
Merchants had wealth but not much power due to the fact that goverment oversaw trade
Was in a great location for pushing European goods out of Europe and served
Economic- Russia
The Russians wealth reflected the Byzantines that they traded with; as they prospered so would the Russians
When the Mongols took over, the Russians paid heavy tribute to them.
Boyars were Tribute collectors who became even more under the Mongol occupation
Religion- Ottoman Empire
Eastern neighbor who are Shi’ites caused conflict along the borders
Subjects were religiously diverse, Christianity/Judaism in Balkans, Muslim in Africa
Originally tolerated dhimmis, or People of the Book (Jews and Christians) because they were worshipping the same god
Persecution occurs later on, Armenian Christians attacked in late 1800s and during WWI – Armenian Massacre
Non-Muslims were grouped into religious ghettos called millets; mostly found in the Balkans
Religion- Byzantine Empire
Eastern Orthodox Christianity-Byzantine emperor controlled the overall business of the Church
appointed patriarch-highest church official to run day-to-day affairs- ruler considered Jesus’ co-ruler
used Caesaropapism (autocratic/religious leader – comparable to caliph)
Priests could marry
Religion- Russia
the Russian Orthodox Church was brought by Byzantine
It was closely tied with the state
Mongols allowed the continuation of the Church
Society- Ottoman
Very ethnically diverse: Serbian, Greek, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Turkic, Arab
More Muslim, more elite in social system
SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
Sultan on top, absolute ruler ,Nobles/Educated people next,Military comes next, Janissaries, cavalry, etc.(Men of the Sword),Tax collectors/Merchants/Artisans make up something that resembles a middle class, farmers are second to last, followed by slaves
Society- Byzantine Empire
Blended Greek, Roman, and Christian influences and helped spread them to other regions in the world
cu political system in which the emperor was God's representative on earth
Society- Russia
Slavs came and settled along the Dneiper in the 300s; some moved into the Balkans and became part of the Byzantine empire
The Vikings had over farmed Scandinavia and come to Russia where they influenced the local culture by the 800s; Slavs called the Vikings the Russ (where Russia gets its name) and co-habited Kiev as the 1st settlers
women became totally subject to male authority in households
Intellectual- Ottoman Empire
Aqueducts built from surrounding hills bring water into the cities – not innovative
Hospitals, mansions, and religious schools were built
Extensive bureaucracy, inspectors hired to enforce standard measurement system
Persian, Arabic and Turkic influences
Advanced in literature, ceramics, carpet-making, and architecture
Arches and domes, often guilds were formed – again not innovative
Coffee houses promoted poetry and were gathering places for intellects; as decline began gov’t began to be shut down due to fear of undermining the gov’t
Generally, the Ottomans took the ideas of others and improved upon them while making them their own
Intellectual- Byzantine Empire
Greek used instead of Latin
Preserved Greco-Roman culture
Intellectual- Russia
Intellectually base was fed by the Byzantine Empire
Mongols were not an intellectual people; in the 1300s, while Western Europe faced the Renaissance, Russia was cut off from it because of Mongol rule, they fell behind and will be like this until the 1900s
Architecture- Ottoman Empire
Suleiman mosque is an engineering marvel, largest domed structure of its time
Architecture- Byzantine
Greece-Roman architecture
Icons-holy images of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, or saints, supposed to create a sense that the person was present
Mosaics-pieces of stone or other materials that formed a biblical scene
Architecture- Russia
Yaroslav built the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev in 1037
He also built the Golden Gates of Kiev
Russia got art, architecture and music from Byzantines; they turned Byzantine domes into Russian onion domes
Near Geographic- Ottoman Empire
Near Geographic- Byzantine Empire Near Geographic- Russia
The Aztec Empire was largely the network of Mexica people, a semi-nomadic group from northern Mexico who had migrated south by 1325.
They developed their military capacity, served as mercenaries for more powerful peoples, negotiated elite marriage alliances and built up their capital of Tenochtitlan.
The Aztecs also captured their enemies rather than killing them.
Starting in 1428 the Mexica along with two other nearby city states launched a highly aggressive program of military conquest and in 100 years brought more of Mesoamerica within a single political framework than ever before.
The population at this time was 5 to 6 million.
The Aztec Empire was loosely structured and an unstable conquest state and it saw frequent rebellions from the people.
Conquered states of the Aztecs where required to pay tribute to the Empire, but were not forced to incorporate themselves in the Aztec culture or government.
The Incas were also a major Empire at this time of Latin America.
They were Quecha-speaking people.
The Inca Empire contained about 10 million subjects.
The empire flourished during the 15th and 16th centuries.
They quickly created the largest state ever witnessed in Latin America and through military conquests.
They erected a more bureaucratic empire- at the top was the emperor, an absolute ruler, seen as the son of the god Inti.
There were 80 provinces in the empire, each had an Inca governor.
Unlike the Aztecs the Incas incorporated their conquered people into their culture and government.
During this time period the Mayan empire fell in 750.
Inca Emperor
Montezuma, the last Aztec emperor.
Economic-
Aztecs had both local and long distance trade.
Its rapid growth stimulated the development of markets and the production of craft goods.
Virtually every city had a marketplace, the largest was Tlatelolco, which was near the capital city.
Professional merchants were known as Pochteca and there wealth often exceeded that of the nobility,they were known as "magnets of the land."
The Incas were also greatly involved with trade, they had a network of economic relations within the "American Web."
Incas demanded mita, labor services, from there conquered people.
Some people labored on large farms or "sun farms", others herded, mined, served in the military or toiled on state directed construction projects.
Aztec market of Tetelolco.
Religion-
Human sacrifices were a great part of Aztec life,and slaves were mostly the ones being sacrificed.
Human sacrifices were meant to postpone the descent of the Aztec land into darkness, since the patron deity Huitzilopochtli was always losing its energy in the constant battle with darkness and the life giving force found in human blood was what gave Huitzilopochtli more energy.
Both the aztecs and the incas had many gods.
Incas had "Wives of the Sun" who were priestesses in various temples.
Incas had various nature gods, Inca men worshipped the sun and women the moon, and there were religious cults for both men and women.
Animal and human sacrifices were also held by the Incas.
Aztec human sacrifice
Inti, the sun god.
The god, Huitzilopochtli
Society-
In both the Aztec and Inca civilizations there were "gender parallelism" in which "women and men operate in two separate but equivalent spheres, each gender enjoying autonomy in its own sphere."
Among the Incas parallel hierarchies of male and female political officials governed the empire.
In Aztec society, woman officials exercised authority under a title that meant "female in charge of the people."
Social rules were clearly defined for both men and women, but neither roles were superior to the other. But this did not mean gender equality- men held the top position in both political and religious life.
Military life was limited to men in both societies and in both empires it became more prestigious over time.
Aztec women.
Innovations, Intellectuals, Inventions-
Mayans were great philosophers and astronomers at the beginning of this time period. They also had a written language of about 800 characters.
They discovered the term of zero and studied the stars to develop their calendar.
The Aztecs spoke the the Nahuatl language.
Chocolate was also highly valued in Aztec culture and they introduced it to the rest of the world.
Aztec culture also involved a philosophical and poetic tradition of great beauty, much of which mused on the fragility and brevity of human life.
Nezahualcoyotl (1402-1472) was a poet and king of the state of Texcocco.
Quipus were used by the Incas. They were an accounting device made of knotted cords.
The language of the Incas was Quechua.
Aztec calendar
Mayan Calendar
Nezahalcoyotl
Art/Architecture-
Tenochtitlan featured numerous canals, dikes, causeways and bridges.
A central walled area of palaces and temples included a pyramid almost 200 ft. high in the city.
Surrounding the city were "floating gardens," artificial islands created from swamplands that supported a highly productive agriculture.
Both the Aztecs and Mayas built grand pyramids as temples to worship there gods.
Machu PIcchu was constructed by the Incas in the 1400s on a spot high in the Andes Mountains long held sacred by the local people.
It stands at some 8000 ft above sea level with 200 buildings.
It was probably a royal retreat or religious center, rather than serving administrative, commercial, or military purposes.
Tenochtitlan
Pyramid of Kukulcan at Chich'en Itza, where every equinox the shadow of a slithering snake can be seen.
Machu Picchu
Near Geography-
The Aztecs established themselves on a small island in lake Texcocco.
Over the next century their empire greatly expanded as they conquered new people.
The mayans also settled in present day Mexico.
The Incas settled along the Andes Mountains.
The Inca Empire stretched some 2,500 miles.
sources: Ways of the World by Robert W. Strayer
Carla Viesca
POST-CLASSICAL: SOUTH ASIA
P-Beginning around 1000 Turkic conquest gave rise to a series of Turkic and Muslim regimes that governed much of India.
-Invaders smashed Hindu and Buddhist temples & stole Indian treasure.
-Sultanate of Delhi-(1206) Turkic rule became more systematic. Their small numbers and internal conflicts allowed only a very modest penetration of Indian society.
-Mughal Empire (Mongols) –governed largely non-Muslim populations. Was led by Islamized Turks who Invaded India in 1526. They sstablished unified control over most of India. They managed to get Muslims and Hindus works together.
Delhi Sultanate
Mughal Empire
Mughal Elite
E-The fulcrum of this growing commercial network lay in India. Its ports bulged with goods from both west and east.
-Indian Ocean commerce picked up during the Post-Classical period.
-The major trading countries became interconnected in a web of sea commerce around the globe.
-Islam became a major factor of trade in the Indian Ocean Basin.
-Malacca was a major Muslim port city with commerce between different nations.
Indian Ocean Region
Indian Ocean trade network
R-Turkic speaking warriors brought Islam to Northern India as they invaded it.
Buddhists as well as low-caste Hindus and untouchables found Islam very attractive.
-People who converted to Islam were benefited because they avoided taxation; therefore more people converted.
-Sufis facilitated conversion because they made the Muslim faith more mystical and appealing to Hindus.
-Islam was never able to claim more than 25 percent of India’s population.
-Despite centuries of Muslim rule, Islam never posed a threat to core Hindu regions.
-Sikhism emerged during the early 16th century. It blended elements of Islam, such as monotheism, with Hindu concepts like karma and rebirth.
Sufi mystic
Sikhism symbol
S-Substantial Muslim communities emerged in India, especially in places that were not so integrated with Hindu culture.
-Muslim communities were concentrated in the Punjab and Sing regions and also in Bengal.
-There was also a sharp culture that affected their interactions with one another. For example, Islam was strictly monotheistic while Hinduism included hundreds of deities. Another considerable difference was that Muslims allowed no visual representation of Allah, while Hindus expressed religious belief in art, offending Muslims.
-A social difference between the two dominant religions was that Muslims considered everyone equal while Hindus had a strict social order that couldn't be changed.
-Even though there were boundaries that were conflict. Hindus worked in Muslim military and political structures.
-Muslims lived separated, remaining a distinctive minority.
Muslim women
Indian social caste system
Muslim mosque in India
I-Various technological innovations facilitated Indian Ocean trade: new sails, new kinds of ships called junks that allowed for great stability and improved versions of compasses.
-Mariners also learned how to ride monsoons.
Junks
Monsoon Patterns
compass
A-There was a sharp difference between Muslim and Hindu art. Muslim art usually depicted order and there was a strict code against showing any representation of their deity’s face, while Hindu art was nature oriented, colorful, and often included visual representation of Gods.
Muslim Art
Hindu Art
Hindu Art
N-South Asia includes mostly India. It is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, making it a major player in the Indian Ocean trade commerce with its many port cities.
-The movement of Islam came from nearby Central Asian conquerors who adopted the Muslim religion previous to invading India.
-From there, Islam, as well as other aspects of Indian culture, reached Southeast Asia not by conquer, but by peaceful trading. Sufis also played a major role in the conversion of Southeast Asian people to Islam.
Economic
Religion
Social
Intellectual
Artistic
Near Geographical
sources:
http://www.lordsandladies.org/middle-ages-timeline.htm
http://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages
http://www.medieval-life.net/life_main.htm
Ways of the World by Robert W. Strayer
MADE BY DANIEL FLORES
Russia and Eastern Europe
Political- Ottoman Empire
Political- Byzantine Empire
Political- Russia
Economic- Ottoman Empire
Economic- Byzantine Empire
Economic- Russia
Religion- Ottoman Empire
Religion- Byzantine Empire
Religion- Russia
Society- Ottoman
Society- Byzantine Empire
Society- Russia
Intellectual- Ottoman Empire
Intellectual- Byzantine Empire
Intellectual- Russia
Architecture- Ottoman Empire
Architecture- Byzantine
Architecture- Russia
Near Geographic- Ottoman Empire
Near Geographic- Byzantine Empire
Near Geographic- Russia
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/434996/Ottoman-Empire
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/ottomanempire_1.shtml
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/ottoman-empire-history.html
WAYS OF THE WORLD: by Robert W Strayer
Veronica Bailey Period 5
Latin America
Political-
Economic-
Religion-
Society-
Innovations, Intellectuals, Inventions-
Art/Architecture-
Near Geography-
sources:
Ways of the World by Robert W. Strayer
Carla Viesca
POST-CLASSICAL: SOUTH ASIA
P-Beginning around 1000 Turkic conquest gave rise to a series of Turkic and Muslim regimes that governed much of India.
-Invaders smashed Hindu and Buddhist temples & stole Indian treasure.
-Sultanate of Delhi-(1206) Turkic rule became more systematic. Their small numbers and internal conflicts allowed only a very modest penetration of Indian society.
-Mughal Empire (Mongols) –governed largely non-Muslim populations. Was led by Islamized Turks who Invaded India in 1526. They sstablished unified control over most of India. They managed to get Muslims and Hindus works together.
E-The fulcrum of this growing commercial network lay in India. Its ports bulged with goods from both west and east.
-Indian Ocean commerce picked up during the Post-Classical period.
-The major trading countries became interconnected in a web of sea commerce around the globe.
-Islam became a major factor of trade in the Indian Ocean Basin.
-Malacca was a major Muslim port city with commerce between different nations.
R-Turkic speaking warriors brought Islam to Northern India as they invaded it.
Buddhists as well as low-caste Hindus and untouchables found Islam very attractive.
-People who converted to Islam were benefited because they avoided taxation; therefore more people converted.
-Sufis facilitated conversion because they made the Muslim faith more mystical and appealing to Hindus.
-Islam was never able to claim more than 25 percent of India’s population.
-Despite centuries of Muslim rule, Islam never posed a threat to core Hindu regions.
-Sikhism emerged during the early 16th century. It blended elements of Islam, such as monotheism, with Hindu concepts like karma and rebirth.
S-Substantial Muslim communities emerged in India, especially in places that were not so integrated with Hindu culture.
-Muslim communities were concentrated in the Punjab and Sing regions and also in Bengal.
-There was also a sharp culture that affected their interactions with one another. For example, Islam was strictly monotheistic while Hinduism included hundreds of deities. Another considerable difference was that Muslims allowed no visual representation of Allah, while Hindus expressed religious belief in art, offending Muslims.
-A social difference between the two dominant religions was that Muslims considered everyone equal while Hindus had a strict social order that couldn't be changed.
-Even though there were boundaries that were conflict. Hindus worked in Muslim military and political structures.
-Muslims lived separated, remaining a distinctive minority.
I-Various technological innovations facilitated Indian Ocean trade: new sails, new kinds of ships called junks that allowed for great stability and improved versions of compasses.
-Mariners also learned how to ride monsoons.
A-There was a sharp difference between Muslim and Hindu art. Muslim art usually depicted order and there was a strict code against showing any representation of their deity’s face, while Hindu art was nature oriented, colorful, and often included visual representation of Gods.
N-South Asia includes mostly India. It is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, making it a major player in the Indian Ocean trade commerce with its many port cities.
-The movement of Islam came from nearby Central Asian conquerors who adopted the Muslim religion previous to invading India.
-From there, Islam, as well as other aspects of Indian culture, reached Southeast Asia not by conquer, but by peaceful trading. Sufis also played a major role in the conversion of Southeast Asian people to Islam.
CRISTINA CARREON